Cloud computing and Grid computing:
Cloud and Grid both are Internet based distributed service models, but cloud is meant for cheap service availability to the users on pay per use basis, while grid computing is designed to solve large complex problems which needs heavy distributed resources for execution. Grid computing is costly but effective method of large problem solving, while cloud computing is for cheap, easy and pay-per-use based service model.
Multiprocessing and Multithreading:
According to many bookish definitions and to be very specific, thread is a light weight process. Multi-threading is preferred over multiprocessing in resource concerned environment as thread is a light weight process. Light weight means it takes less resources. We can understand it with an example. In a web browser every tab is taken as separate thread so that it may not consume more resources and share address space. But due to security perspective now google-chrome is giving multiprocessing architecture i.e every new tab in chrome is a new process. You can see the effect of this on my computer as shown below ( Chrome is consume more than 90% CPU resources). You can also see multiple process ids assigned to chrome by operating system)
Multiprocessing and Multithreading:
According to many bookish definitions and to be very specific, thread is a light weight process. Multi-threading is preferred over multiprocessing in resource concerned environment as thread is a light weight process. Light weight means it takes less resources. We can understand it with an example. In a web browser every tab is taken as separate thread so that it may not consume more resources and share address space. But due to security perspective now google-chrome is giving multiprocessing architecture i.e every new tab in chrome is a new process. You can see the effect of this on my computer as shown below ( Chrome is consume more than 90% CPU resources). You can also see multiple process ids assigned to chrome by operating system)
Simulation and Emulation:
Simulation is the methodology of designing and testing various concepts and procedures on a tool (generally software) which provides "real-like" environment/functioning of the system. In case of Simulation, none of the input, processing, and output are from real world.
While in case of emulation the input and/or output are from real world which are tested in user defined processing environment which provides "real-like" functioning.
Compiler and Interpreter:
Compilation or interpretation is the process of converting a high level code to low or machine level code for execution by hardware. The difference in both is that, compiler is fast, while interpreter is slow due to its line by line processing architecture. Other than this, a code once compiled makes an intermediate file (for ex: C, C++ Java etc.), which does not needs to be compiled again and again for execution so execution is fast, while in case of interpretation (for ex: html, tcl etc.) there is no intermediate code generation, so interpretation and execution takes place simultaneously as many times as it needs to be executed so it results in slower processing than compiler. Compilation needs more resources than interpretation.
File system and Database Management System:
In any file system you can have only sequential access to an item ( for ex: sub-folder or file in a folder). To access the far most data item you will have to go sequentially which is a limitation, so we use DBMS which enables random access to data items. DBMS is a collection of structured data and a set of programs or procedures to access those data. It overcomes the inconsistency, redundancy, and atomicity problem of File management system with its ACID properties.
Bug and Defect:
When error is found in the system at the developer end, or we can say if the error is found before the software is actually launching or final build, it is known as bug, while if the error is found after the release of the software is is known as defect and the module or software is thought to be defective.
Free software and Open Source Software:
Free software is the category of software which are available to use with no cost, we can say that we will not have to pay anything to use these software but these may not be open Source. Open Source software are software for which a user is allowed to use, change and even redistribute under the given license terms generally GNU general public license.
Hard Computing and Soft Computing:
Hard computing or simply computing works on the concept of binary logic i.e. 0 & 1. It works on clearly defined rules and discrete values, while soft computing works on the values which ranges somewhere between 0 & 1. Soft computing is the way to deal with the conditions of uncertainty and partial truth with low cost solutions. Soft computing techniques includes neural networks, fuzzy logic, and genetic algorithms to solve any problem.
Activation Function, Membership Function, and Fitness Function:
A function used to transform the activation level of a neuron into an output signal by crossing the threshold value is known as activation function in neural networks, while the Membership function of a fuzzy set shows the degree of truth, or the degree of membership of a item in a particular set. It may vary from 0 to 1. A fitness function is specific type of objective function that is used to represent, as a single "figure of merit", how close a given solution pattern is to achieving the set goals.
Database and Data Structure:
Database and Data-Structure both are used for systematic storage of data in a storage device. Where Database focuses on maintaining consistency, isolation, easy access etc for the data from users' point of view while data structure works beneath that focusing on how to store that data in device that it can be easily accessed and managed. So we can say Database uses any of underlying Data-structure to support its functionality to the end user interacting with database through query languages or any other mode.
NFV and SDN:
NFV stands for Network Function Virtualization, while SDN stands for Software Defined Networks. Both have same objective but different approaches. NFV is inherently static in nature, while SDN enables dynamic decision making. NFV requires to move network applications from dedicated hardware to virtual environment while SDN needs new interface design to separate data and control module and to give programmable behavior to the networking devices.
Switching and Routing:
Switching occurs at layer 2 ( Data Link Layer) while routing is the function of layer 3 (Network Layer). Switching works on MAC address while routing needs IP address. It also makes Routing costlier than switching as MAC addressing is free while having private address is paid. Routing is more scalable than switching. As we can see switches works in relatively small intranet domain while routers are installed in large Internet domain.
Baseband and Broadband:
Baseband uses digital signaling while Broadband uses analog signals. Baseband uses single cable to send and receive data on different times. Due to use of single cable there is no need of multiplexing. On the other hand, broadband uses separate channels to send and receive data in parallel. Due to multiple channels broadband needs multiplexing.
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File system and Database Management System:
In any file system you can have only sequential access to an item ( for ex: sub-folder or file in a folder). To access the far most data item you will have to go sequentially which is a limitation, so we use DBMS which enables random access to data items. DBMS is a collection of structured data and a set of programs or procedures to access those data. It overcomes the inconsistency, redundancy, and atomicity problem of File management system with its ACID properties.
Bug and Defect:
When error is found in the system at the developer end, or we can say if the error is found before the software is actually launching or final build, it is known as bug, while if the error is found after the release of the software is is known as defect and the module or software is thought to be defective.
Free software and Open Source Software:
Free software is the category of software which are available to use with no cost, we can say that we will not have to pay anything to use these software but these may not be open Source. Open Source software are software for which a user is allowed to use, change and even redistribute under the given license terms generally GNU general public license.
Hard Computing and Soft Computing:
Hard computing or simply computing works on the concept of binary logic i.e. 0 & 1. It works on clearly defined rules and discrete values, while soft computing works on the values which ranges somewhere between 0 & 1. Soft computing is the way to deal with the conditions of uncertainty and partial truth with low cost solutions. Soft computing techniques includes neural networks, fuzzy logic, and genetic algorithms to solve any problem.
Activation Function, Membership Function, and Fitness Function:
A function used to transform the activation level of a neuron into an output signal by crossing the threshold value is known as activation function in neural networks, while the Membership function of a fuzzy set shows the degree of truth, or the degree of membership of a item in a particular set. It may vary from 0 to 1. A fitness function is specific type of objective function that is used to represent, as a single "figure of merit", how close a given solution pattern is to achieving the set goals.
Database and Data Structure:
Database and Data-Structure both are used for systematic storage of data in a storage device. Where Database focuses on maintaining consistency, isolation, easy access etc for the data from users' point of view while data structure works beneath that focusing on how to store that data in device that it can be easily accessed and managed. So we can say Database uses any of underlying Data-structure to support its functionality to the end user interacting with database through query languages or any other mode.
NFV and SDN:
NFV stands for Network Function Virtualization, while SDN stands for Software Defined Networks. Both have same objective but different approaches. NFV is inherently static in nature, while SDN enables dynamic decision making. NFV requires to move network applications from dedicated hardware to virtual environment while SDN needs new interface design to separate data and control module and to give programmable behavior to the networking devices.
Switching and Routing:
Switching occurs at layer 2 ( Data Link Layer) while routing is the function of layer 3 (Network Layer). Switching works on MAC address while routing needs IP address. It also makes Routing costlier than switching as MAC addressing is free while having private address is paid. Routing is more scalable than switching. As we can see switches works in relatively small intranet domain while routers are installed in large Internet domain.
Baseband and Broadband:
Baseband uses digital signaling while Broadband uses analog signals. Baseband uses single cable to send and receive data on different times. Due to use of single cable there is no need of multiplexing. On the other hand, broadband uses separate channels to send and receive data in parallel. Due to multiple channels broadband needs multiplexing.
Keep visiting for more topics...
